职称外语
考前必看:2009年职称英语考试应试必备语法
大家经过前两讲的学习应该对英语句子的构成和功能有了一个初步的较为透彻的了解吧。在今天这一讲语法内容的学习中,我将领着大家主攻动词的时态、语态。因为大家在学习过程中肯定已经感觉到了动词的基本概念和用法贯穿着英语学习的始终,无论我们做词汇选择题,还是完型填空,阅读理解,掌握住了动词也就抓住了句子的核心。

  A. 动词的时态:

  动词以一定的词形变化形式来表达事物的动作或状态的时间性,被称为时态(Tense)。英语中共有16种时态,常用的12种:

  我们在C级中只要求大家掌握最经常出现的五个时态:一般现在时,现在进行时, 一般过去时,一般将来时和现在完成时。

  a.一般现在时(Simple Present Tense)

  hey were here only a few minutes ago.(几分钟前他们还在这里。)

  常用于修饰一般过去时的副词:

  yesterday, yesterday morning(afternoon, evening), the day before yesterday, just now (刚才),before (以前) , then(at that time )(当时) ,

  last +时间 (如 last week, month, year, Monday, … January, … spring, …),

  that +时间 (如 that day, afternoon, summer, …),

  时间 + ago (如 a few minutes ago, two weeks ago , years ago, …)

  一般将来时除了使用“shall/will + V…”以外,也可以使用下列的几种句式来表达。

  1.be going to + V … (即将会……;打算将……)

  It is going to rain. Take an umbrella with you.

  (带一把伞去。看样子就要下雨了。)

  The Browns are going to move to Australia.

  (布朗先生全家打算迁移到澳大利亚去。)

  2.be about to + V (即将……,指紧接着要发生的动作。)

  Let's wait a minute. He is about to arrive. (我们等一下。他即将会到达。)

  3.be + V-ing …(定于……,指接近的将来动作。)

  He is leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow morning.

  (他定于明天早晨到香港去。)

4.be + to V (定于……,指预定的将来动作。)

  She is to be here at 9:00 a.m. tomorrow. (她定于明晨九时到达这里。)

  d. 现在进行时(Present Progressive Tense)

  句型 S+ am / are / is +V-ing …来

  常用于修饰现在完成时的时间副词:

  already(肯定句和问句),yet(否定句和问句),just(刚刚),ever,never,

  since…(自从……,表示时间的起点),for…(表示时间的量)

  B.动词的语态:

  表示主语与谓语动词之主客关系的动词形式称为语态(Voice)。若是主语为动作动词的行为主体,那么表达这种关系的动词形式叫做主动语态(Active Voice)。反之,若主语为动作动词的客体,那么表达这种关系的动词形式就叫做被动语态(Passive Voice)。

  John broke the window yesterday.(约翰昨天打破了那扇窗。主动语态)

  The window was broken by John yesterday.(那扇窗是在昨天被约翰打破了的。被动语态)

  被动语态按通俗的说法就是中文中的“被”字句。

  .被动语态的句子核心部分是由be + 过去分词构成,其中be根据人称、数、时态的变化而变化。

  英语中十种时态可以用被动语态,常用的有8种时态。

  1.主语 + be + 动词过去分词。(一般现在时,一般过去时)

2.主语 + will/would + be + 动词过去分词。(一般将来时,过去将来时)

  3.主语 + be + being +动词过去分词。(现在进行时,过去进行时)

  4.主语 + have/has/had + been + 动词过去分词。(现在完成时,过去完成时)

  5. 主语 + 情态动词 + be + 动词过去分词。(情态动词的被动)

  e.g. 1. My room is cleaned by my mother.

  2. My money was stolen yesterday.

  3. He will be sent to Harvard soon by her college.

  4. Mother said I would be punished for not making bed this morning.

  5. White Snow is being told by my grandmother.

  6. When I got there, the film was being shown.

  7. More than two hundred lives have been saved by the doctor.

  8. Ten bridges had been built by 1990.

  9. The room must be cleaned every day.

  被动语态与“be+过去分词”结构(***)

  be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态,有时是系表结构。当“be+过去分词”表示动作时为被动语态,be是助动词,be后面的过去分词是主要动词,动作的对象是主语;当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构,be是系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语,相当于形容词。其区分办法如下:

  1.如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者,该句一般为被动语态,否则为系表结构。例如:

  The glass is broken.玻璃杯碎了。(系表结构)

  The glass was broken by the boy.玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。(被动语态)

  2.如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时,一般为被动语态。如:

  The magazine is published in Shanghai.这家杂志出版于上海。(被动语态)

  The door is locked.门锁着。(系表结构)

  The door has already/just been locked.门已经/刚刚被锁上。(被动语态)

  The shop is opened.这家商店开门了。(系表结构)

  The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday.这家商店每天上午八点开门。(被动语态)

  3.被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外,还可以用于其他各种时态,而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。所以下列句子都是被动语态:

  The machine is being repaired.机器正在修。

  A new school will be built here.这里将要建一所新学校。

  C. 存在句

  存在句又叫做“There be句型”,是一种表示“存在”的句式。 它的常见结构是“There + be + 主语 + 地点状语(或时间状语)”。 存在句的“there”要弱读。

  There’s an outdoor concert tonight. 今晚有一场户外音乐会。

  There was little change in him. 他没有什么变化。

  存在句有如下几个特点:

  (1)“There be”句型可以和助动词连用。

  There have been many accidents in the past few weeks.

  过去几个星期里发生了几个事故。

There will be a large audience at the performance.

  将有许多观众来观看演出。

  I felt that there must be something wrong.

  我觉得好像有什么错了。

  There used to be a cinema here before war.

  战前这儿有一家电影院。

  (2)“There be”句型可以和happen to/ appear to/ seem to/ be going to/ be sure to

  /be certain to/ be likely to等半助动词连用。

  There happened to be a friend of mine in the hotel.

  旅馆里碰巧有我的一个朋友。

  There is going to be a storm this afternoon.

  今天下午将有一场暴雨。

  (3)“There be”句型可以和某些类似“存在”的动词连用,如live/ exist/ stand/ lie/remain等。

  There lived in Greece a great thinker named Aristotle.

  在希腊曾经有一个伟大的思想家,名叫亚里斯多德。

  There stands a huge building by the lake.

  湖边有一座高楼。

  There remained just twenty-eight pounds.

  仅剩28英镑。

  (4)“There be”句型中的谓语形式由离它近的主语决定,即,单数的主语用单数的谓语动词;反之,复数的主语用复数的谓语动词。

  There is a book and two pens on the desk.

  There are two boys and one girl in the classroom.

  D. 省略句

  省略是一种避免重复、保持简洁的语法手段。

  凡是缺少一个或一个以上的必要语言成分但在一定语境中能够独立存在,意义明确,并且能发挥交际功能的句子就是省略句。 如:

  (1)My brother smokes, but I don't (smoke). 我的兄弟有抽烟,而我不抽烟。

  上面的例子省略了smoke避免了词汇重复,使得语言表达更加简洁,而不影响交际功能。

  (2)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street but his mother told him not to.

  那个男孩想要到街道上骑自行车,但是他的妈妈叫他不要去。

  (3)It's no use (in) crying. 哭也没用。

  (4)My room is on the fifth floor, and hers (is) on the eighth (floor). (5)Although hard-working, he couldn't earn enough to support himself.

  尽管努力工作,他的收入还是不够自己糊口。

  (6)When ripe, the grapes will be delicious. 当葡萄成熟之后就会很好吃。

  (7)Though a young man, he has made several inventions.

  虽然还是个年轻人,他已经有好几个发明了。

  (8)I hope (that) you'll be fine soon. 我希望你尽快康复。

掌握好省略句, 应注意以下几条:

  1. 感官动词或使役动词(如:notice, hear, let, make)等后接不定式作宾补时省略to, 被动时to不能省略。

  2. 在prefer to do rather than…, cannot help but…do, nothing …but等句型中常省略to。

  3. 为避免重复, 作某些动词(hope, want)等宾语或(tell, order, ask)的宾补时, 省略不定式短语, 只保留不定式符号to。

  4. 应注意状语从句、定语从句中的省略。状语从句中, 如果谓语含动词be, 主语又与主句主语一致或主语是it, 从句中主语和be一齐省略。

  5. 注意not , so , neither, nor的“替代性”省略。

  E. It在英语中的指代关系:

  代词It是英语阅读中经常出现的高频词,搞清其指代关系对于正确理解上下文是非常重要和必要的。It的主要用法有:人称代词、非人称代词、指示代词、形式代词。

  一、人称代词

  1.代替人或事物

  人称代词是有实义的,是单数第三人称代词,主格和宾格形式相同。在句中可以充当主语、宾语和表语。一般情况下指人以外的一切生物和事物。有时也指婴儿、小孩和不知性别的人。

  The book is very interesting, I like it very much. (指物,作宾语)

  这本书很有趣,我非常喜欢它。

  A dog is barking. It seems to protect his master. (指人以外的生物,作主语)

  狗在叫,它似乎在保护它的主人。

  The baby is crying. It might be hungry. (指婴儿,作主语) 婴儿在哭,或许饿了。

  Someone is ringing. Who might it be? (指不知性别的人,作主语)

  有人在按门铃,可能是谁呢?

  2.指代上下文内容

  除了代替任何事物外,人称代词还可以指代上文提到的事情,可以指代短语和句子。

  Yang Liwei was the first Chinese to be sent up into space. It made the Chinese proud.

  杨利伟是第一个被送入太空的中国人。这使得中国人非常骄傲。

  She presides over the business of this store very well and I know it.

  她把这家商店的生意打理得井井有条,这一点我知道。

  二、非人称代词

  非人称代词用作无人称的主语,不指物,而表示天气、季节、温度、距离、时间或事物的状态。非人称代词是虚词,用作虚主语。

  1.指时间 What time is it by your watch? 你的表现在几点了?

  It’s fifteen years since we got to know each other. 我们认识已经十五年了。

  Times flies! It is vacation again. 时间过得飞快!又放假了!

  2.指天气 Is it going to be windy tomorrow? 明天会刮风吗?

  It was raining hard when I arrived home. 我回家时雨下得正大。

  3.指温度 It’s cold in winter here. It’s sometimes -30. 这儿冬天很冷。有时达到零下30度。

  4.指距离It is about 15 minutes’ walk from here to the bar. 从这里到酒吧步行大约15分钟的路程。

  How far is it from your country to where you live? 从你公司到你住的地方有多远?

三、指示代词

  1.用于“it is/was + 表语”的结构,只用于指人,表明身份。

  Who is there downstairs? 楼下是谁?

  It ‘s the postman..是邮递员。

  2.指代this或that

  What’s that on the desk?桌子上的那个东西是什么?

  I guess it might be a robot.我猜可能是机器人。

  This is your plan, isn’t it?这是你的计划,是不是?

  四、形式代词

  形式代词可以代替句子中的不定式、动词的-ing 形式或从句等,作形式主语或形式宾语。

  1.作形式主语

  1)替代不定式

  It’s very nice of them to help me out.  他们帮了我的忙,真是太好了。

  (it指代后面的to help me out, 作形式主语,真正的主语是to help me out)

  It is important for us to master the skills of computers. 对于我们来说掌握计算机技能是十分重要的。

  (it 指代后面的to master the skills of computers作形式主语,真正的主语是to master the skills of computers)

  2)替代动词的-ing 形式

  It’s great fun climbing mountains on rainy days. 雨天爬山真有趣。

  It is no good living alone without keeping with others. 独居不和别人交往没有好处。

  在这种情况下,通常构成下面的固定结构:

  It is + no n. / adj. doing something.

  做某事是……。(It作形式主语,真正的主语是 doing something)

  3)替代that从句

  It is a fact that the population is still increasing. 事实是人口仍在增长。

  It is believed that proper morning exercises are good for our health.

  大家都相信适当的晨练对我们的健康有利。

  It turns out that we’re going to have another busy day.

  在这种情况下,通常构成下面的固定结构:

  It is + n. / adj. that ……。或 It + v. that…… 。(It是形式主语,that从句是主语从句)

  2.作形式宾语

  I find it hard to learn gymnastics.

  我发现学体操很难。

  I believe it no use reading without understanding.

  我认为读书不理解没用。

其结构可以归纳如下:

  主语 + 谓语 + it (形式宾语) + 宾语补足语 + 真正宾语。

  3.用于强调句

  “It is/was + 被强调的部分 + that从句……。”是英语中常见的强调句型。这一句型可以对一个句子中的主语、宾语、表语、状语进行强调。

  没提到的出题形式”:

  1.问题句中的信息内容根本没有在文章中出现;

  2.问题句中的部分信息内容(部分词语或结构)在文章中出现了, 但根据文章中涉及到这些词语的句子无法判断问题句的说法是“正确”还是“错误”, 则只能判断该问题句为“没提到”。

  Passage one:

  In western countries (西方国家)today, more and more (越来越多的)foods(食物) have additives(添加剂) in them(指代食物). What are additives? 1Additives are chemicals(化学制品) which(引导定语从句) are put(放入) into foods to(表目的,为了) give them color(颜色) and taste(味道), to stop them going bad(阻止它们变坏), and so on(等等).. 2But doctors say that some additives can be bad for (有可能对。。。不好)us.

  Now let’s(让我们) look at(看一看) how additives can be bad for our health(健康). Take, for example(拿。。。举例), a little English girl called Sally Jones. 3sally is two years old and quite(相当地) an ordinary (普通的)little girl. But when she was younger(年龄更小), she never(从不) went to sleep(睡觉) at night. She never got tired(变得疲倦). Finally(最后), Sally’s parents took her to a special(专门的、特殊的) doctor. He said that she must (必须)never eat food with additives in it. He was sure(肯定的、确定的) that the additives had a very bad effect on (对。。。有不良影响)her body, and made(使) her too active(活跃的). He was quite correct(正确的). As soon as(一。。。就。。。) 4Sally started(开始) to eat foods without(没有) additives, she began to sleep well(睡得好) at night. Now she is the same as (和。。。一样)other little girls, except that (除了)she can’t eat many foods that children love, such as(例如) ice cream(冰激凌), because (因为)they have additives in them.

  1. Additives(添加剂) can reduce (减少) the cost(成本)of some food.

  A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

  分析:通过阅读文章第一段的Additives are chemicals(化学制品) which(引导定语从句) are put(放入) into foods to(表目的,为了) give them color(颜色) and taste(味道), to stop them going bad(阻止它们变坏), and so on(等等)..,我们可以知道食品添加剂是否能减少某些食物的成本,不得而知,因此选择C。

  2. Doctors(大夫) say that all additives are very bad for(对。。。不好) us.

  A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

  分析:大家继续看文章第一段,看到这样一句话:But doctors say that some additives can be bad for us.所以答案应该是B。这种情况经常出现在阅读判断题中,我们称之为偷梁换柱。所以看题目时一定要看清楚,小心陷阱!

  3. Sally has been the same as any other little girl since she was born.

  A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

  分析:题目的意思是:自从Sally出生以来。她就一直和其他小女孩一样。

  针对这个句子我们从文章第二段里找到一句和它有关系的句子:Sally is two years old and quite an ordinary little girl. But when she was younger, she never went to sleep at night. She never got tired.说明她并不是一直和其他女孩一样,所以选择B。

  4. Sally could sleep well when she stopped eating foods with additives.

  A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

  分析:意思是当Sally停止吃有添加剂的食物时她就能睡得好。我们发现第二段里有这样一句话:Sally started(开始) to eat foods without(没有) additives, she began to sleep well(睡得好) at night.表达的意思和题目是一样的,因此选择A。

  5. In the past, Sally ate a lot of foods with additives.

  A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

  分析:意思是:在过去,Sally吃很多含有添加剂的食物。我们要判断答案必须找到依据,

  Sally’s parents took her to a special doctor. He said that she must never eat food with additives in it. He was sure that the additives had a very bad effect on her body, and made her too active(活跃的). He was quite correct.虽然这么长一段话并没有给出我们直接的答案,但通过分析我们知道它是间接告诉我们了答案,因此选择A。

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