1. 动词主要时态和语态表
一般现在时    一般过去时     一般将来时
主动: do     did      will do
被动: are done   were done     will be done
现在进行时    过去进行时     将来进行时
主动: are doing   were doing     will be doing
被动: are being done  were being done
现在完成时    过去完成时     将来完成时
主动: have done   had done     will have done
被动: have been done  had been done
现在完成进行时      
主动: have been doing

动词主要时态的意义及运用
• 
• 现在完成时，过去完成时和将来完成时
英语提示语：up to now, so far, for three years, since 1995, over past ten years, by the end of this week, by the year of 1995 

汉语提示语：已经，早已，了
e.g. We haven’t met each other since last year.
    By the end of this week, we’ll have finished the task.

• 现在完成进行时
从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。
汉语提示语：一直
e.g. The water has been running the whole night. 

过去完成时
n said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。
e.g. He missed the train. He said he had missed the train.
2) hardly…when, no sooner… than
e.g. No sooner had he got up than he received the call.
3) 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的条件状语从句中
e.g If I had tried harder, I would have won.
 I wish I had done better in the exam. 
历年考题中的动词时态和语态
1.So far, Irving ___ (live) in New York City for ten years.   (has been lived)
2.The patient ___ (send) to another hospital before we got there.  (had been sent)
3.The second half of the nineteenth century ___ (witness) the first extended translation into English of the writings of Eliphas Levi. (witnessed) 　

2. 非谓语动词
动词主要时态和语态一览表
非谓语动词     形式     意义
 现在分词
一 般 式     doing     主动, 正在进行
被 动 式     being done    被动, 正在进行
完成主动式     having done    主动, 已经完成
完成被动式     having been done  被动, 已经完成
  过去分词     done     被动, 已经完成
  动词不定式
一 般 式     to do     主动,将要进行
被 动 式     to be done    被动, 将要进行
完成主动式     to have done    主动, 已经完成
进行主动式     to be doing    主动, 正在进行

非谓语动词作状语
•动词不定式：1）目的状语；2）结果状语
e.g. I came here to meet you. （目的）
 He hurried to the rail station only to miss the train. （结果）
•分词：1) 伴随状语；2）原因状语；3）条件状语 4）让步状语；5）时间状语
e.g. Walking along the street, he met his old friend.   （时间）
 Being very tired, my father didn’t go out with us.  （原因）
 Made by hand, the silk shirt is very expensive.    （原因）
 Seen from the space, the earth looks like a blue ball.  (条件）

非谓语动词，状语从句和独立结构
n Having done their homework, the children began to play. (分词作状语)
n After having done their homework, the children began to play. （连词+分词）
n After they had done their homework, the children began to play. （状语从句）
n With homework done, the children began to play.  （独立结构）

非谓语动词作定语
n If there is no choice, there is no decision ___ (make). (to be made)
n Do you know the man ____ ( stand) in front of the house? (standing)
n The question ____ (discuss) at the moment is very important. (being discussed) 
n The bridge ____ (build) in the 1950s is still in good condition.  (built)
动名词和动词不定式
• 作主语和表语
动名词作主语/表语表示一般、抽象的情况；动词不定时作主语表示具体某次的情况。
e.g  Rising early is good for health.
 To rise early tomorrow is difficult for me.
 It is difficult for me to rise early tomorrow.
 My biggest wish is to go abroad.
 Seeing is believing. 

• 作宾语
接动名词作宾语的动词：
admit, acknowledge, avoid, deny, consider, enjoy, escape,
excuse, forgive, finish, suggest, mind, include, involve, delay,
put off, postpone, feel like, look forward to, be used to, be
accustomed to, etc. 
接动词不定式作宾语的动词：
want, tend, intend, pretend, hope, plan, expect, be supposed to,
seem, be likely to, used to, be willing to, desire, force, prefer, start, begin      

接动名词和动词不定式有不同含义的动词：
n forget, remember, regret
n stop, continue
n need/ want 

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