自考“英语（二）”完整讲义（中）

　　8.This will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to _____ on your class assignments and projects. （01.4）

　　考点：词组 up to date 最新的，keep you up to date 表示跟得上…。

　　答案： People are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure.

　　10.汉译英：众所周知，即使同样的休闲活动，不同的人使用的方式也不同。（00.4）

　　答案：It is well known that even the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals.

　　科学家们发现，时差综合症是我们体内的生理调节机制在不同的环境中发生变化所引起的。实际上，有两套时间调节系统在相互作用，它们在新时区内需要一段时间才能重新设定。

　　值得庆幸的是，我们可以通过调节环境定时和改变饮食睡眠来减少时差带来的不便。

　　Para.1 If you understand what Jet Lag is， your flights will be less stressful.

1 jet	n. 喷射，喷气式飞机
2 lag	vi./n. 走得慢，落后
3 flight	n. 飞行，飞翔
4 physiological	a. 生理的，生理学的
5 regulatory	a. 规章的，调节的
6 mechanism	n. 机构，机制
7 hormonal	a. 荷尔蒙的，激素的
8 secretary	n. 秘书，书记，部长
9 negotiation	n. 谈判，协商
10 proceeding	n. 程序，进程
11 instantaneously	ad. 瞬间地，即刻地
12 transport	vt./n. 运输
13 overcome	vt. 战胜；克服
14 regulate	vt./n. 管理，调节
15 timing	n. 时间的选择；计时
16 periodicity	n. 周期性，间发性
17 internal	a. 内部的，内在的
18 suprachiasmatic	a. 超（染色体）交叉的
19 rhythm	n. 韵律，格律，节奏
20 timer	n. 计时员，定时器
21 external	a. 外在的，在外的
22 alarm	n./vt. 警报，惊恐，向…报警，使警觉
23 reset	vt./n. 重新安排，重调
24 palm	n. 手掌
25 sweat	n./vi./vt. 汗，出汗，使出汗
26 discrepancy	n. 差异，不一致
27 bodily	a. 身体的，肉体的
28 cortisol	n. 皮质醇
29 excretion	n. 排泄；分泌
30 destination	n.目的地，终点
31 feasible	a. 可行的，可能的
32 pharmacological	a. 药物学的，药理学的
33 assumption	n. 假定，设想；承担
34 mid-afternoon	a. 下午三点左右的
35 neutral	a.中立的；中性的
36 wakefulness	n. 觉醒，不眠
37 promote	vt. 促进，发扬；提升，升级，发起，创办
38 synchronize	vi./vt.同时发生，同步，使在时间上一致
词组：phrases and Expressions
1 effect on	对… 的作用
2 to blame … on	把… 归咎于
3 to advantage	有利地，有效地
4 as fresh as paint	精神饱满
5 now that	（连词）既然，由于
6 to leave … alone	不管，不理
7 out of step	步伐不一致，不协调
8 in time	及时，终于
to come across	遇到，碰到
to tie … to	使有联系，约束
to rely on / upon	依赖，依靠

　　After I get over jet-lag， I'll call you. 我倒过时差后给你打电话。

　　He's lagging behind a bit， and I think we'd better wait for him to catch us up.

　　There is often a lag between becoming affected by this illness and its first signs.

　　受这种疾病的感染和出现最初症状之间经常会间隔一段时间。

　　His actions lagged behind his thinking. 在他的思想和行动之间存在很大差异。

　　Support from his family and his own survivor instincts have helped him overcome obstacles.

　　First of all， we should overcome ourselves in order to overcome difficulties.

　　You will assume your new duties tomorrow. 你们明天开始执行新任务。

　　It had an almost immediate effect on his thinking. 这事几乎立刻对他的想法有了影响。

　　Violent TV programs have a bad effect on children. 暴力电视节目对孩子有不好的影响。

　　He blamed his failure on his teacher. 他把他的失败怪在老师的头上。

　　The accountant was blamed for his error. 这个会计由于出错而受到谴责。

　　It is to your advantage to invest wisely. 明智地投资对你很有利。

　　那位模特正在寻找一个机会来有利地显示自己。

4 now that：既然，由于

　　Now that you have come you may as well stay. 既然你来了还是待着吧。

　　Leave me alone - take your hand off my arm. 别动我 - 松开我的胳膊。

　　I should leave that question alone if I were you. 如果我是你的话，我不会去碰这个问题。

　　在游行检阅的大部分时间里，那个男孩的步伐都与别人的不合拍。

　　The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time.⑴ But do you have to suffer？ Understand what it is， and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects， and your flights will be less stressful. ⑵

　　1.此句中 “one” 代替前面出现过的 “problem” ， every international traveler comes across at some time 是定语从句修饰one，省略了关系词that 或which. to come across 意思是 “遇到，碰到”

　　全句意思：喷气飞机时差综合症是每个乘坐国际航班旅行的人在某个时候会碰到的问题。

　　2.Understand what it is…这是个祈使句，相当于一个条件状语从句：If you understand what it is…

　　例句：Work hard and you‘ll succeed. 相当于 If you work hard， you’ll succeed.

　　The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize.⑶Jet Lag is not a psychological consequence of having to readjust to a different time zone. It is due to changes in the body‘s physiological regulatory mechanisms， specifically the hormonal systems， in a different environment.

　　3.此句是个比较结构。disturbing 是分词式的形容词，比较级是more disturbing，far 用来修饰比较级。

　　此句意思：乘飞机旅行对身体的影响实际上远比我们意识到的更令人焦灼不安。

　　Confused？ So was John Foster Dulles， the American Secretary of State， when he flew to Egypt to conduct negotiations on the Aswan Dam ⑷He later blamed his poor judgment on Jet Lag.

　　4.此句中confused 的完整表达是 “Are you confused？” 后一句用了倒装语序，so 位于句首，表示前面所说的情况也适合于本句。Blame…on…把过失归咎于

　　此句意思：是不是被弄糊涂啦？美国国务卿约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯从美国飞往埃及谈判阿斯旺水坝问题时就被弄糊涂了。他后来把自己在谈判中判断失误归咎于时差综合症。

　　The effects can be used to advantage， too. President Johnson once conducted an important meeting in Guam and kept the entire proceedings at Washington DC time. The White House working personnel were as fresh as paint， while the locals， in this case， were jet-lagged.⑸Essentially， they had been instantaneously transported to America.

　　5.该句是由 while 连接的两个并列句，表示前后对比。in this case 作状语，译为“在这种情况下，” the locals 是指关岛的本地人，作主语。

　　Now that we understand what Jet Lag is， we can go some way to overcoming it.⑹ A great number of the body‘s events are scheduled to occur at a certain time of day. Naturally these have to be regulated， and there are two regulatory systems which interact.

　　6.now that we understand what Jet Lag is，原因状语从句中有一个what引导的宾语从句，意为“既然我们了解了时差综合症是什么”。

　　One timing system comes from the evidence of our senses and stomachs， and the periodicity we experience when living in a particular time zone.⑺ The other belongs in our internal clocks （the major one of which may be physically located in a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus） which， left alone， would tie the body to a 25 hour - yes， 25 - rhythm.⑻ Normally the two timers are in step， and the external cues tend to regularise the internal clocks to the more convenient 24 hour period.

　　7.该句主干结构是“one timing system comes from…。”； from 有两个宾语，由and 连接。

　　此句意思：一个定时系统来自我们的感官和胃肠饥饿感以及我们在某个特定时区所经受的周期性变化

　　8.该句的主干结构“The other belongs in our internal clocks …”，which 引导定语从句修饰our internal clocks.在定语从句中，left alone 是过去分词词组作条件状语，相当于条件状语从句If it is left alone.括号中的定语从句也修饰our internal clocks.

　　此句意思：另一个定时系统在我们的体内时钟内（其中一个主要时钟可能位于我们大脑的称为超交叉核的那部分中）这些体内时钟在不受干扰时，会使人体有一个25小时——是的，25小时——的生理节奏。

　　If， however， you move the whole body to a time zone which is four hours different， the two clocks will be out of step， like two alarm clocks which are normally set together， but which have been reset a few hours apart. ⑼ Whereas the two clocks would normally sound their alarms together， now they ring at different times. （10）Similarly， the body can be set for evening while the sun is rising.

9.“which is four hours different”是定语从句修饰zone. “ which are normally set together” 和 “ which have been reset a few hour apart” 是两个定语从句修饰 clocks.

　　此句意思：然而如果你把整个身体移到一个时差4个小时的时区，两个时钟就不再同步，正像两个闹钟通常被一起定时，但现在定时相差几个小时。

　　10.whereas连接让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”全句的大意是：尽管两个闹钟通常同时报时，但现在则在不同时间报时。

　　In time the physiological system will reset itself， but it does take time.⑾ One easily monitored rhythm is palm sweating. A man flown to a time zone different by 10 hours will take eight days to readjust his palm sweat. Blood pressure， which is also rhythmical， takes four days to readjust.（12）

　　11.In time the physiological system will reset itself， but it does take time.

　　it does take time 是强调谓语动词。经过一段时间后，生理系统将会自我调整过来，但这需要时间。

　　此句意思：血压也是有节奏性的，需要4天才能调整过来。

　　One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors. （13） The hormone cortisol， which controls salt and water excretion， is made in the morning， wherever the body is. But the growth hormone is released during sleep， whenever in the day that sleep occurs. （14 ） Normally these two hormones are separated by seven or eight hours， but if the body arrives at a destination in the early morning （local） and goes to sleep as soon as possible， the two hormones will be released simultaneously.

　　13.此句是一个表语从句，that 引导一个从句作表语。此句意思：出现这种差异的一个原因是人体的不同活动受到不同因素的支配。

　　14.whenever 引导时间状语从句。Whenever in the day 意为“不管在一天中的什么时候”；that sleep 是从句的主语，that 是指示代词修饰sleep.

　　全句意思：但生长激素在睡眠时才分泌，而不论一天中什么时候睡觉。

　　What can we do about it？ It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone. Fortunately there is a short cut. It relies on two things - the power of the stomach to regulate the timing of other events， and the pharmacological actions of coffee.

　　Coffee delays the body clock in the morning， and advances it at night. Coffee at mid-afternoon is neutral. （15）

　　15.该句中neutral 意为“中性的”，在这里是与上文的delay 和advance 相对，表示“既不推迟，也不提前” 译为：下午三点左右喝咖啡对人体时钟不起作用。

　　Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness， while carbohydrates promote sleep.

　　2.fluctuate vi. 1.波动，起伏；2.动摇，不定；vt. 使波动，使起伏

　　14.remedy n. 1.治疗；2.补救（法）；vt. 1.治疗；2.补救，纠正

　　15.fearful a. 1.可怕的，吓人的；2.害怕的，胆怯的

9.“which is four hours different”是定语从句修饰zone. “ which are normally set together” 和 “ which have been reset a few hour apart” 是两个定语从句修饰 clocks.

　　此句意思：然而如果你把整个身体移到一个时差4个小时的时区，两个时钟就不再同步，正像两个闹钟通常被一起定时，但现在定时相差几个小时。

　　10.whereas连接让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”全句的大意是：尽管两个闹钟通常同时报时，但现在则在不同时间报时。

　　11.In time the physiological system will reset itself， but it does take time.

　　it does take time 是强调谓语动词。经过一段时间后，生理系统将会自我调整过来，但这需要时间。

　　此句意思：血压也是有节奏性的，需要4天才能调整过来。

　　13.此句是一个表语从句，that 引导一个从句作表语。此句意思：出现这种差异的一个原因是人体的不同活动受到不同因素的支配。

　　14.whenever 引导时间状语从句。Whenever in the day 意为“不管在一天中的什么时候”；that sleep 是从句的主语，that 是指示代词修饰sleep.

　　全句意思：但生长激素在睡眠时才分泌，而不论一天中什么时候睡觉。

　　Coffee delays the body clock in the morning， and advances it at night. Coffee at mid-afternoon is neutral. （15）

　　15.该句中neutral 意为“中性的”，在这里是与上文的delay 和advance 相对，表示“既不推迟，也不提前” 译为：下午三点左右喝咖啡对人体时钟不起作用。

　　Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness， while carbohydrates promote sleep.

　　2.fluctuate vi. 1.波动，起伏；2.动摇，不定；vt. 使波动，使起伏

　　14.remedy n. 1.治疗；2.补救（法）；vt. 1.治疗；2.补救，纠正

　　15.fearful a. 1.可怕的，吓人的；2.害怕的，胆怯的

课文精讲

　　Psychologically defined， concentration is the process of centering one‘ s attention over a period of time. In practical application， however， concentration is not as simple to deal successfully with as the definition may imply. For this reason， it is helpful to keep the following points in mind.⑴

　　Even with the greatest effort， our span of attention fluctuates. You can demonstrate for yourself this fluctuation of attention. In a quiet room， place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard. ⑵Listen carefully and notice how the ticking increases in apparent intensity， fades to a point where it cannot be heard， and then increases again.⑶ This phenomenon reveals how our span of attention fluctuates， for the intensity of the ticking is actually constant.

　　译文：在一个安静的房间里，放一块表，表的声音几乎刚刚能听见。

　　3.Listen carefully and notice how the ticking increases in apparent intensity， fades to a point where it

　　译文：注意听表的走动声，并且注意表的嘀嗒声怎样明显增大，然后小到听不见，然后又变大。

　　Evidence to date indicates that you attend to one idea at a time. It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once.⑷ But apparently this is only an illusion. In high concentration the shift from the focus of attention is of short duration and relatively infrequent.

　　4.It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once.

　　全句意为：你的注意有可能转移得十分迅速，以至于好像你同时能够专心于几个想法。

　　High attention has long periods of attending and short distraction periods. In low attention the periods of attending are short and the distraction periods long. In moderate attention there is a mixture of the extremes. Thus it is easy to see that it is highly unlikely that the student who has most of his attention centered on fancying at large will be able to recall even the major points of a lecture.⑸

　　Thus it is easy to see that it is highly unlikely that the student who has most of his attention centered on

　　fancying at large will be able to recall even the major points of a lecture.

　　see 之后是一个由that引导的宾语从句，在 that 引导的宾语从句中，含有一个who引导的定语从句

　　译文：这样我们可以很容易地看到，如果一个学生的大部分注意力用于自由幻想，即使是讲课要点，他也不可能回想起来。

　　Lack of concentration is a symptom， not the cause， of difficulty. When a student says “I can‘t concentrate”， what he is really saying is， “I can’t attend to the task at hand because my distractors are too strong.”

　　A distractor is anything which causes attention to vary from a central focal point. In the study situation distractors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in nature. ⑹Both types of distractors must be understood before the student can attempt to remedy his lack of concentration.

　　In the study situation distractors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in nature.

　　译文：在学习的情况下，干扰物实际上可以被认为是心理的或者是物质的。

　　The angry man forgets the pain of injury， the fearful man finds it difficult to enjoy pleasure and the tense or anxious person may react violently to the smallest of matters.⑺ In the student‘s life there are many psychological pressures and tensions which block effective productivity. The fears about making the grade， the doubts of the friendliness of a friend’s behaviour and the pressures of limited friendliness of a friend‘s behaviour and the pressures of limited finances - these are only a few of the emotional forces which affect the student.

　　7.The angry man forgets the pain of injury， the fearful man finds it difficult to enjoy pleasure and the tense of anxious person may react violently to the smallest of matters.

　　全句大意：愤怒的人会忘记伤痛，人害怕的时候很难享受快乐，人在紧张或焦虑的时候可能对非常小的事情做出强烈的反应。

　　Emotional reaction varies greatly from person to person.⑻ Some person gain goal and direction from their tensions and actually do better because of them . Others fall apart under pressure ，while a few people do well despite the pressure.