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8.Emotional reaction varies greatly from person to person.
vary … from …。 to …
全句大意：人与人的情绪反应差异很大。
Physical distractors are always present and rarely understood
Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think.⑼ Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.⑽ One research report has shown that comprehension and retention of reading were decreased when students listened to lively music. However， rate of reading was not affected ， so that many students were not aware that they were affected by the background distractor. Another study found that the ability to recall accurately was affected by distracting conditions. Most of the evidence indicates that noise affects adversely higher mental task output. Still， the effect of distractors is seldom fully appreciated by students.
9.Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think.
本句中much more … than … 结构表示“远比…要…得多”，
…。how we feel and react 是介词to 的宾语从句
全句大意：环境对于我们如何感觉和反应的重要性比我们所想的要大得多。
10.Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.
此句是倒装句结构，正常语序为：This is particularly true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.
全句大意为：物理性干扰对需要动脑筋完成的作业的影响尤其如此。
ROUTINE AND REASONING TASKS ARE AFFECTED DIFFERENTLY BY DISTARCTORS
Many routine tasks can be performed with distraction in the background with little or no adverse effect on output. Most students have found this fact to be true from their own experience. They may have had high school homework which was drill or merely copying assignments. It was possible to do such work with the latest recordings or the television set playing in the background. In time such students began to feel certain that they could do all work - routine or problem- solving -in the same manner.⑾ The evidence indicates the contrary conclusion.
11.In time such students began to feel certain that they could do all work——routine or problem-solving ——in the same manner.
In time 最后，在不定的时间内，最终
feel certain 相当于feel sure，意为“感到肯定”
本句中that引导宾语从句，
最后（终于）这些学生开始确信，他们能用同样的方式完成作业，无论是常规性的还是解决问题性的。
EXCEPTIONS MAY MISLEAD YOU
Typically when students are faced with the evidence on distractors the argument is given that their cousin， friend， or classmate can study in “Grand Central Station.”⑿ And he makes “all A‘s” too！ There is evidence， of course. That motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of distractors and that there are considerable differences in individual spans of attention. ⒀Either of these factors could account for some individuals being able to do well using inefficient methods. ⒁The fact that some exceptional people do well under adverse conditions scarcely justifies your assuming that you are exceptional in the same manner. ⒂Your chances of success are higher if you avoid the distractors which are known to hinder the typical student.
12.Typically when students are faced with the evidence on distractors the argument is given that their cousin， friend， or classmate can study in “Grand Central Station”。
that 引导同位语从句，修饰the argument
典型的情况是，当要求学生们拿出关于干扰物的证据时，他们提出自己的表兄弟、朋友或同学能在纽约的“中央火车站”学习。
13.There is evidence， of course， that motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of distractors and that there are considerable differences in individual spans of attention.
Play an important role in …。在… 起到一个重要作用。
当然，有证据表明，学习动机在克服干扰的影响方面起作用，并且每个人的注意力广度相差很大
14.Either of these factors could account for some individuals being able to do well using inefficient methods.
account for ： 解释…的原因，
这两种因素中哪一种都能解释某些人用效率不高的方法都能学得很好。
15.The fact that some exceptional people do well under adverse conditions scarcely justifies your assuming that you are exceptional in the same manner.
第一个 that 引导同位语从句， 第二个that 是动名词assuming 的宾语从句
justify 意为 “证明…”，它的宾语是动名词assuming，
物主代词your 是动名词assuming的逻辑主语。
译文：一些特殊的人在不利条件下能学得好，这一事实绝不能证明，你有理由认为自己在同样的条件下也是特殊的。
语法 练习
一、补充语法知识
形容词和副词的比较级
1.比较级+than
steel is harder than iron.
2.用词或词组修饰比较级，表示强调或稍微。
3.the+比较级，the+比较级：越来越…The nearer an object is to us， the larger it looks.
比较级重复，
4.more and more越来越多
colder and colder越来越冷
注意事项：
1.n.的可数与不可数，修饰可数名词用“few”“a few”，所以比较级“fewer”后面接的也是可数名词。但是“less”即“little”的比较级也修饰不可数名词。
2.没有比较级的词：如empty
二、单元练习
（一）词汇英译汉：
1.flight
2.negotiation
3.transport
4.overcome
5.internal
6.external
7.rhythm
8.feasible
9.assumption
10.promote
1.effect on
2.to blame… on
3.to advantage
4.now that
5.out of step
6.to leave … alone
（二）句子英译汉：
1.The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across at some time. （para.1）
2.The effects of rapid travel on the body are actually far more disturbing than we realize. （para.2）
3.He later blamed his poor judgment on Jet Lag. （para.3）
4.Now that we understand what Jet lag is ， we can go some way to overcoming it （para.4）
5.The other belongs in our internal clocks which ， left alone， would tie the body to a 25 hour - yes ， 25 - rhythm.（para.5）
6.In time the physiological system will reset itself， but it does take time. （para7）
7.One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors. （para.8）
8.It is not feasible to wait four days until the body is used to the new time zone. （para.9）
9.But the growth hormone is released during sleep， whenever in the day that sleep occurs.（para.9）
10.Protein in meals stimulates wakefulness， while carbohydrates promote sleep.（para.13）
（三）句子汉译英
1.不难理解高速旅行给身体带来的不适。
It is not difficult to understand the disturbing effects of rapid travel on the body.
It is not difficult to realize that the disturbing effects on the body are caused by rapid travel.
2.引起这一不同的原因之一是不同的人体活动由不同的因素控制。
One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.
3.食物中的蛋白质使人兴奋，而食物中的碳水化合物使人易于入睡。
Protein in food stimulates wakefulness， while carbohydrates promote sleep.
4.时差反应是每一个国际旅行者可能遇到的问题。
The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across.
5.等待几天直到身体的调节机制自然适应新时区，这并不可行。
It is not feasible to wait a few days until the body‘s regulatory mechanisms are used to the new time zone.
历年考题
1.In practical application， concentration is not _____ the definition may imply. （99.4）
A.as simple to deal successfully with as
B.so simple to deal successfully with that
C.simpler to deal successfully with as that
D.as same simple to deal successfully with as
答案：A
考点：本题主要考查as … as 搭配表示“和…。 一样”。而选项D 中as 的后面还有一个词same . 因为same 表示的意思也是同样，与…同样的意思与as … as 意义重复，因此不选D.
2.Understand what Jet Lag is， and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects， ______. （99.10）
A.your flight will be less stressful
B.and your flights will be less stressful
C.or your flights will be less stressful
D.in order that your flights will be less stressful
答案：B
分析：本句是一个and 连接的并列句。因此只有B符合题意。
3.Coffee delays the body clock in the morning， and advances _____ at night. （00.4）
A.it
B.them
C.the coffee
D.the body
答案：A
分析：本句是个并列句，and 连接的两个句子结构应一致。因此，advances 后面的宾语应是the body，而为了避免重复，因此用代词it 代替。
4.汉译英：快速旅行对人体的影响比我们意识到的要大得多。（00.10）
The effects of rapid travel on the human body are much greater than we realize.
5.The other timing system belongs in our internal clocks， which ， left ______， would tie the body to a 25-hour rhythm. （03.4）
A.behind
B.alone
C.out
D.aside
答案：B
考点：本题主要考查分词短语leave alone，不管，不理，把…放在一边。
（三）句子汉译英
1.不难理解高速旅行给身体带来的不适。
It is not difficult to understand the disturbing effects of rapid travel on the body.
It is not difficult to realize that the disturbing effects on the body are caused by rapid travel.
2.引起这一不同的原因之一是不同的人体活动由不同的因素控制。
One reason for this discrepancy is that different bodily events are controlled by different factors.
3.食物中的蛋白质使人兴奋，而食物中的碳水化合物使人易于入睡。
Protein in food stimulates wakefulness， while carbohydrates promote sleep.
4.时差反应是每一个国际旅行者可能遇到的问题。
The problem of Jet Lag is one every international traveler comes across.
5.等待几天直到身体的调节机制自然适应新时区，这并不可行。
It is not feasible to wait a few days until the body‘s regulatory mechanisms are used to the new time zone.
历年考题
1.In practical application， concentration is not _____ the definition may imply. （99.4）
A.as simple to deal successfully with as
B.so simple to deal successfully with that
C.simpler to deal successfully with as that
D.as same simple to deal successfully with as
答案：A
考点：本题主要考查as … as 搭配表示“和…。 一样”。而选项D 中as 的后面还有一个词same . 因为same 表示的意思也是同样，与…同样的意思与as … as 意义重复，因此不选D.
2.Understand what Jet Lag is， and how a careful diet can minimize its worst effects， ______. （99.10）
A.your flight will be less stressful
B.and your flights will be less stressful
C.or your flights will be less stressful
D.in order that your flights will be less stressful
答案：B
分析：本句是一个and 连接的并列句。因此只有B符合题意。
3.Coffee delays the body clock in the morning， and advances _____ at night. （00.4）
A.it
B.them
C.the coffee
D.the body
答案：A
分析：本句是个并列句，and 连接的两个句子结构应一致。因此，advances 后面的宾语应是the body，而为了避免重复，因此用代词it 代替。
4.汉译英：快速旅行对人体的影响比我们意识到的要大得多。（00.10）
The effects of rapid travel on the human body are much greater than we realize.
5.The other timing system belongs in our internal clocks， which ， left ______， would tie the body to a 25-hour rhythm. （03.4）
A.behind
B.alone
C.out
D.aside
答案：B
考点：本题主要考查分词短语leave alone，不管，不理，把…放在一边。
讲义九
Text A Aging in European Countries
课文简介
在过去50年中，欧洲国家的人口年龄结构经历了巨大的变化：所有的发达国家都进入了老龄化行列，并且老龄化的趋势还在继续。
老龄化有诸多原因。一个社会的人口增长率越接近零，它的人口就可能越老龄化。造成老年人比率高的实际原因是出生率的下降， 而不是死亡率的下降。
预期寿命正在变长。
Para.1 Aged countries in Europe are briefly introduced
Paras.2-4 Different ideas about the problem are discussed.
Para.5 Expectation of life is becoming longer.
I.New Words
1.classify vt. 把… 分类，把…分等级；
be classified as
2.aged a. 年老的，老的
3.northwestern a.在西北的，向西北的
4.approximate a./vt./vi. 近似的，大约的；近似，接近；
5.paradox n. 似非而可能是的论点，自相矛盾的话
6.proportion n.比率，比例
7.dependency n.从属；依赖
independency on
independent a 独立的
8.advantageous a. 有利的，有助的
-ous是形容词后缀
加前缀-dis就是反义
9.liability n. 责任，义务
ability n.能力
liability 负责
它的形容词是liable 负责任的，有义务的
10.inactive a. 不活动的；不活跃的
act v. 活跃
active 活动的
11.appreciation n.欣赏，鉴赏；正确评价；感激，感谢；
appreciate
12.salient a.突出的，凸起的
13.resettlement n.重新定居，重新安置
14.acknowledge vt.承认，表示感谢
15.fore ad./a/ n在前面， 先时的，先前的；前部
16.gathering n. 聚集，集会
gathering=meeting
17.birthrate n. 出生率
18.elsewhere ad. 在别处；向别处
19.demography n.人口统计学
20.alter v…… 改变，改动
alter＝change
21.experiential ad. 经验的，凭经验的
22.continued a. 继续的，连续的
23.lengthen vt./vi. 使延长，变长
名词或形容词后面加“en”变为相应的动词，length→lengthen变长 wide→widen变宽
24.wealthy a. 富裕的，丰富的
n+y=a.
比如：sun（n.）→sunny=a.
rain→rainy
25.neglect vt./n.忽视，忽略
26.expectation n.期待，估计寿命
27.slippery a.滑的，圆滑的
28.demographer n. 人口学家
29.revision n. 修订，修改
30.upwards ad.向上，趋向上升
词组：Phrases and Expressions
1.to approximate to 与…接近
2.to the fore 在前面，到前面；在显著地位
3.resistance to 对… 的阻力
be classified as 把…分类为，把… 列为
be due for 应该得到，该…时候
词汇精讲：
1.classify： vt. 把…分类
派生词：classification n. 分类；classical a. 古典的，经典的
用法：classify … as 把… 划分为；把 … 列为
The books in the library are classified according to subject.
图书馆里的书是按照科目分类的。
Memory can be classified as short- term memory and long -term memory.
记忆可分为长期记忆和短期记忆。
2.proportion ： n…… 比率，比例
词组：in proportion 与…成比例； out of proportion 与…不成比例
The different parts of the house are in perfect proportion.
这幢房子的各部分比例很匀称。
His earnings are out of proportion to his skill and ability.
他的收入与他的技术能力很不相称。
The price of the article is out of proportion to its value.
这件商品的价格与它的价值很不相称。
3.appreciation ： n. 欣赏，感激
派生词：appreciate v.
I have great appreciation of Shakespeare. 我非常欣赏莎士比亚。
You should show appreciation for the things your friends do for you.
你应当对你的朋友为你所做的事情表示感谢。
Their appreciation of the performance was expressed in loud cheers.
热烈的喝彩表达了他们对演出的赞赏。
4.acknowledge ： vt. 承认； 对…表示感谢
He refused to acknowledge that he had done wrong.
他拒绝承认自己做错了。
We must acknowledge his letter. 我们必须告诉他已经收到了他的来信。
He reluctantly acknowledged the mistakes in his statement.
他勉强承认了他陈述的谬误之处。
5.alter： v. 改变，改动
The waiter apologized the altered the figure on the bill.
服务员道了歉并把账单上的数目改了过来。
The village hasn‘t altered much since the last time I was there.
与我上次在那时相比，这个村子并没有多大的变化。
Conditions have altered radically. 情况发生了根本的变化。
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