6.lengthen ： v. 使延长，变长，延伸

　　派生词：length n. 长度， 长

　　I‘ll have to lengthen this skirt. 我得把这条裙子放长。

　　There is a plan to lengthen the three-year course to four years.

　　有计划要将这个三年制课程延长为四年。

　　7.neglect：v./n. 忽视，忽略

　　He neglected his studies， so he failed to pass the exam.

　　他忽视了学业，因此没能通过考试。

　　Don‘t neglect to lock the door when your leave. 离开时别忘了锁门。

　　He always neglects his own health. 他总是不注意自己的健康。

　　近义词：ignore v. 忽视，不顾（主要指故意忽视，不管）；

　　例：I said hello to her， but she ignored me completely.

　　我向她打招呼，她竟不理睬我。

　　I can‘t ignore his rudeness any longer. 我不能再无视他的粗鲁了。

　　8.expectation： n. 期待，预料

　　派生词：expect v. 期待，期望

　　The size of the loss was beyond all of our expectations.

　　损失的数目超出了我们所有人的预料。

　　There are widespread expectations that the UK will cut its interest rate.

　　人们普遍预测英国会降低利率。

　　词组：phrases

　　1.to approximate to： 大体是，近于，近似，与…接近

　　Your latest design approximates much more closely to what I understand the building to be like.

　　你的最新设计与我所想的那房子的模样接近得多了。

　　His description of the event approximated to the truth.

　　他对事件的描述接近事实。

　　2.resistance to： 对… 的阻力，抵制

　　There will be fierce resistance to these proposals.

　　这些提议将会遭到激烈的抵制。

　　She has little resistance to germs and so is often ill.

　　她对病菌缺乏抵抗力，因而经常生病。

　　II.重点句子讲解

　　Aging in European Countries

　　We have to realize how old， how very old， we are. Nations are classified as “aged” when they have 7 per cent or more of their people aged 65 or above， （1）and by about 1970 every one of the advanced countries had become like this .of the really ancient societies， with over 13 per cent above 65， all are in Northwestern Europe.（2）At the beginning of the I980‘s East Germany had 15.6 per cent， Austria， Sweden， West Germany and France had 13.4 per cent or above， and England and Wales 13.3 per cent. Scotland had 12.3 per cent. Northern Ireland 10.8 per cent and the United States 9.9 per cent. We know that we are getting even older， and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth， the older its population is likely to be - at least， for any future that concerns us now.（3）

　　（1）Nations are classified as “aged” when they have 7 percent or more of their people aged 65 or above.

　　当一个国家有7% 或更多的人到65岁以上时，这个国家就被列为老龄化国家之列。

　　本句中are classified as 是一个动词短语，意为“把…分类为”as 作主语补足语；

　　句中when 引导一个时间状语从句。above 在此句中的意思是“以上”。

　　（2）该句的正常语序为All of the really ancient societies， with over 13 percent above 65， are in Northwestern Europe.由于主语中心词all与谓语动词are 间隔太长，因此倒装以显得紧凑。with over 13 per cent above 65 ，“有13%以上的人超过65岁”

　　（3）主句we know 后边有两个由that 引导的宾语从句。

　　在第二个宾语从句中用了“越…就越”的结构。

　　To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added， some of them only recently recognized.（4）There is the apparent paradox that the effective cause of the high proportion of the old is births rather than deaths（5）There is the economic principle that the dependency ratio - the degree to which those who cannot earn depend for a living on those who can - is more advantageous in older societies like ours than in the younger societies of the developing world， because lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive aged.（6）There is the appreciation of the salient historical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change.

（4）本句用了倒装语序，正常语序为A number of further facts may be added to these now familiar facts， some of them only recently recognized.这里使用倒装语序是为了与上文连贯。some of them only recently recognized 是过去分词的独立结构，作伴随状语。

　　（5）该句中that 引导同位语从句修饰paradox，

　　有这样一个似非而是的论点：造成老年人比率高的真正原因是出生人数而不是死亡人数。

　　（6）本句是一句含有多个从句的长句，该句中that 引导同位语从句修饰 principle ，同位语从句的主语是There is the economic principle ，谓语是 is more advantageous ，破折号之间的部分是对于the dependency ratio 的解释。在这个破折号中的成分中含有3个从句，to which 引导一个定语从句修饰前面的名词degree， 后面的两个who 引导的从句分别修饰前面的代词those . 句中同位语从句的主要结构为“the dependency ration… is more advantageous in …。 than in…。” .句末的because 引导的是一个原因状语从句，修饰前面的主句。

　　句意为：有这样一条经济原则：抚养率——即不能赚钱养活自己的人对能挣钱养家的人的依赖程度——在我们这样老龄化社会里比发展中世界的较年轻社会里要更有利，因为大量需要抚养的孩子与大批不能工作的老年人相比，更是一个负担。

　　If “revolution” is a rapid resettlement of the social structure， and if the age composition of the society counts as a very important aspect of that social structure， then there has been a social revolution in European and particularly Western European society within the lifetime of everyone over 50.（7）Taken together， these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged.（8）These facts and circumstances were well to the fore earlier this year at a world gathering about aging as a challenge to science and to policy， held at Vichy in France.（9）

　　（7）句，该句是由两个有if 引导的条件从句加上一个主句。

　　（8）句中taken together 是一个过去分词短语作状语；which 引导一个定语从句，修饰前面的名词implications.

　　（9）句中about aging as a challenge to science and to policy，和 held at Vichy in France.都是

　　a world gathering （世界大会）的后置定语，前者说明会议的主题（老龄化对科学与政策的挑战），后者说明会议的举办地点（法国维希）。

　　There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere， rather than because of any change in the death rate， that we have grown so old.（10）But this is what elementary demography makes clear. Long life is altering our society， of course， but in experiential terms. We have among us a very much greater experience of continued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere， and this will continue.（11）But too much of that lengthened experience， even in the wealthy West， will be experience of poverty and neglect， unless we do something about it.

　　（10）句的主干结构是 “ There is often resistance to the idea…。” 其中idea有一个that 引导的同位语从句，而同位语从句本身又是一个强调句，即it is …。that … 结构，被强调的是一个原因状语从句。注意此句被强调部分较长。

　　（11）句中among us 作谓语动词have 的状语，正常的语序为We have a very much greater

　　experience of continued living among us than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere，

　　and this will continue. 由于宾语过长，所以将状语among us 提前。

　　译文为： 我们比以前任何一个社会更经历着长寿，这种情况还将继续下去。

　　If you are now in your thirties， you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. The older you are now，of course， the greater this proportion will be， and greater still if you are a woman. Expectation of life is a slippery figure， very easy to get wrong at the highest ages. At Vichy the demographers were telling each other that their estimates of how many old there would be and how long they will live in countries like England and Wales are due for revision upwards.（12）

　　（12）At Vichy 作地点状语；从that 到句子结束是一个宾语从句，作谓语动词tell的宾语；在宾语从句中还含有两句how 引导的宾语从句， “ how many old there would be” 和 “ how long they will live in countries like England and Wales”分别作介词of 的宾语。

　　due ：应付的

　　dur for： Our salary scales are due for revision.

　　People are now very happy on April 15， when the federal taxes are due.

　　Text B　Children‘s Self-esteem

　　I.New Words

　　title： esteem＝respect 自尊心，尊敬

　　1.esteem vt./n. 尊敬，尊重

　　2.cope vi. 对付，妥善处理（with）

　　3.parenting n. 父母对孩子的养育

　　4.tone n. 1.音调，音色；2.腔调，语气；3.[语]声调，语调

　　5.infant n. 婴儿，幼儿；a.婴儿的，幼儿的

　　6.lovable a. 可爱的，讨人喜欢的

　　7.manageable a. 易管理的

　　8.unlovable a. 不可爱的；不讨人喜爱的

　　9.worthless a. 1.无价值的，无用的；2.不足道的，不可取的

10.ultimately ad. 最后，最终地

　　11.self-defeating a. 1.自我挫败的；2.有违初衷的

　　12.crisis（[复]crises） n. 1.危机；2.决定性时刻

　　13.withdraw（withdrew； withdrawn） vt.1.收回，提取；2.撤退，撤销

　　vi. 1.撤退，退出； 2.退缩，逃避现实

　　14.inconsiderate a. 不替别人考虑的；不体谅人的

　　15.outcome n. 1.结果，结局；2.出路，出口

　　16.reinforcement n. 增强，加固；强化

　　17.tangible a. 1.可触摸的，可感知的；2.确实的，真实的

　　18.attribute n. 1.属性，特征；2.[语]定语

　　vt. 把…归因与（to）

　　19.fold vt./vi. 折叠；对折；n. 褶（痕）

　　20.appropriate a. 适合的，恰当的，相宜的

　　同义词：proper

　　Phrases and Expressions

　　1.to cope with 对付；处理

　　2.no other.。。than 1.除…外没有，只有；2.正是，就是

　　3.to take advantage of 1.利用；2.占…便宜

　　4.to act out 1.将…表演出来；2.（用行动）表示出来

　　重点词汇：

　　cope with =deal with

　　unlovable的反义词：lovable

　　appropriate的同义词：proper

　　1.worthless ： a.无价值的，无用的

　　派生词：worth a. 有价值的，值得的

　　She was criticized so much by her employers that she began to feel worthless. 她常常受到老板的批评，以至于开始感到自己无用了。

　　The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。

　　Considerate 考虑 ，反义词：inconsiderate

　　2.attribute ： n./vt. 属性，特征，把… 归因与

　　Organizing ability is an essential attribute for a good manager. 组织能力是一个好的管理者的基本特征。

　　The doctors have attributed the cause of the illness to lack of proper nutrition.医生们把这种病的起因归于缺乏适当的营养。

　　We attribute our success to being in the right place at the right time.我们把成功归因于天时地利。

　　Phrases：

　　1.to cope with＝to deal with ： 对付，处理

　　It is difficult to cope with such a complex matter. 处理这样一件复杂的事很困难。

　　Could you give me something to help me cope with the pain. 医生，你能不能给我一点东西止痛？

　　2.no other … than ： 除… 外没有，只有；正是

　　He has no books other than the Bible. 除圣经以外他没有别的书。

　　He has visited no other place than Beijing. 他除了北京外没去过别的地方

　　In his composition， there were no other errors than a few misspelled words.在他的作文里除了几个拼写错误的词外，没有别的错误。

　　It was none other than Comrade Wang. 不是别人，正是王同志。

3.to take advantage of ： 利用

　　They took full advantage of the hotel‘s facilities. 他们充分利用旅馆的设备。

　　She took advantage of my generosity. 她利用了我的慷慨。

　　4.to act sth. out ： 用行动表现… ， 扮演 … 角色

　　The workers acted out their dissatisfaction with the management by going on a strike.工人们以罢工来表示他们对资方的不满。

　　Children‘s negative feelings often get acted out in bad behavior.孩子们的消极情绪往往通过不好的行为表现出来。

　　II.重点句子讲解

　　Self-esteem is what people think about themselves - whether or not they feel valued - and when family members have self-respect， pride， and belief in themselves， this high self-esteem makes it possible to cope with the everyday problems of growing up.（1）

　　1.Self-esteem is what people think about themselves - whether or not they feel valued - and when family members have self-respect， pride， and belief in themselves， this high self-esteem makes it possible to cope with the everyday problems of growing up.

　　该句的主干是由and连接的两个并列句。前一句，what引导表语从句，破折号之间的部分是对表语从句的解释。后一句，是一个复合句，when引导状语从句，主句中用了make it possible to do sth .的结构，it 为形式宾语，不定式短语是实际宾语。

　　这一段告诉我们什么是自尊心，“自尊心是人们对自己的看法 - 他们是否感到受重视-当家庭成员都拥有自尊自豪和自信时，这种高度的自尊心就能使他们应付成长中的日常问题。”

　　Successful parenting begins by communicating to children that they belong， and are loved for no other reason than just because they exist. （2）Through touch and tone of voice parents tell their infants whether or not they are valued， special， and loved and it is these messages that form the basis of the child‘s self-esteem. When children grow up with love and are made to feel lovable despite their mistakes and failures， they are able to interact with others in a responsible， honest， and loving way. A healthy self-esteem is a resource for coping when difficulties arise， making it easier to see a problem as temporary， manageable， and something from which the individual can emerge.（3）

　　2.Successful parenting begins by communicating to children that they belong， and are loved for no other reason than just because they exist.

　　此句参看教材229页注释1，no other … than“不是别的…，正是…”

　　communicate sth. to sb. 意为“使某人知道某物/某事”，由于sth.的部分是由that引导的名词性从句，因为过长，所以后置。

　　本句的意思是：“成功的育儿之道始于让孩子知道，他们属于这个家庭，他们受宠爱没有别的原因，就是因为他们自身的存在。”

　　3.A healthy self-esteem is a resource for coping when difficulties arise， making it easier to see a problem as temporary， manageable， and something from which the individual can emerge.

　　“resource” 的意思是：（解决困难或获得成功的）办法，手段

　　前面一句是主系表结构，而making之后的部分是现在分词短语作状语。

　　本句的意思是：“健康的自尊心是困难出现时解决困难的手段，它使人们比较容易把问题看成是暂时的，可以克服的，并且在解决问题中个人才可以崭露头角”

　　If ，however， children grow up without love and without feelings of self-worth， they feel unlovable and worthless and expect to be cheated， taken advantage of， and looked down upon by others.（4）Ultimately their actions invite this treatment， and their self-defeating behavior turns expectations into reality. They do not have the personal resources to handle everyday problems in a healthy way， and life may be viewed as just one crisis after another. Without a healthy self-esteem they may cope by acting out problems rather than talking them out or by withdrawing and remaining indifferent toward themselves and others.（5）These individuals grow up to live isolated. Lonely lives. Lacking the ability to give the love that they have never received.

　　4.If，however， children grow up without love and without feelings of self-worth， they feel unlovable and worthless and expect to be cheated， taken advantage of ， and looked down upon by others.

　　take advantage of 利用，运用； look down upon ： 看不起…； 轻视…；

　　注意三个不定式的被动态并列

　　本句的意思是：“然而，如果孩子成长过程中没有得到爱，没有感觉自我的价值，他们就会觉得自己不讨人喜欢，毫无用处，总预想自己会被别人欺骗，利用和看不起。”

　　5.Without a healthy self-esteem they may cope by acting out problems rather than talking them out or by withdrawing and remaining indifferent toward themselves and others.

　　rather than 而不是 并列两个动名词短语

　　本句的意思是：“没有健康的自尊心，他们处理问题时，不是把问题谈出来，而是用行动把问题表现出来，或是采取退缩和对自己和他人保持冷淡的态度。”

　　Self-esteem is a kind of energy， and when it is high， people feel like they can handle anything. It is what one feels when special things are happening or everything is going great. A word of praise， a smile， a good grade on a report card， or doing something that creates pride within oneself can create this energy. When feelings about the self have been threatened and self-esteem is low， everything becomes more of an effort. It is difficult to hear， see， or think clearly， and others seem rude， inconsiderate， and rough. The problem is not with others， it is with the self， but often it is not until energies are back to normal that the real problem is recognized.（6）

6.It is not until energies are back to normal that the real problem is recognized.

　　强调句，强调时间状语。“直到…才”本句的意思是：“直到自尊心恢复正常时，真正的问题才能被认识。”

　　Children need help understanding that their self-esteem and the self-esteem of those they interact with have a direct effect on each other. For example， a little girl comes home from school and says， “I need lovings‘ cause my feelings got hurt today.” The mother responds to her child’s need to be held and loved.（7）If instead the responds to her child‘s need to be held and loved. If instead the mother said she was too busy to hold the little girl the outcome would have been different.

　　7.The mother responds to her child‘s need to be held and loved.

　　句中to be held and loved 是不定式作need的后置定语。

　　本句的意思是：“这个母亲回应了孩子对拥抱和爱抚的需要”

　　The infant‘s self-esteem is totally dependent on family members， and it is not until about the time the child enters school that outside forces contribute to feelings about the self. （6）A child must also learn that a major resource for a healthy self-esteem comes from within. Some parents raise their children to depend on external rather than internal reinforcement through practices such as paying for good grades on report cards or exchanging special privileges for good behavior.（8）The child learns to rely on others to maintain a high self-esteem and is not prepared to live in a world in which desirable behavior does not automatically produce a tangible reward such as a smile， money， or special privileges.（9）

　　8.Some parents raise their children to depend on external rather than internal reinforcement through practices such as paying for good grades on report cards or exchanging special privileges for good behavior.

　　句中to depend on external rather than internal reinforcement是不定式作目的状语

　　through …behavior 是介词短语作方式状语。

　　本句的意思是：“一些家长培养孩子的自尊心不是通过实践依赖内在的强化力量，而是依赖外来因素，例如成绩单分数高时给孩子钱，或者孩子表现好时给他们好处。”

　　9.The child learns to rely on others to maintain a high self-esteem and is not prepared to live in a world in which desirable behavior does not automatically produce a tangible reward such as a smile ，money， or special privileges.

　　in which 引导定语从句。

　　本句的意思是：“孩子就学会依赖别人来保持较强的自尊心，因而对生活在这样一个世界里缺乏准备：即好的表现不会自动带来可以看得到的回报，如微笑，金钱或好处。”

　　Maintaining a healthy self-esteem is a challenge that continues throughout life. One family found that they could help each other identify positive attitudes. One evening during a electric storm the family gathered around the kitchen table， and each person wrote down two things that they liked about each family member. These pieces of paper were folded and given to the appropriate person， who one by one opened their special messages. The father later commented， “It was quite an experience， opening each little piece of paper and reading the message. The father later commented， ”It was quite an experience， opening each little piece of paper and reading the message. I still have those gifts， and when I‘ve had a really bad day， I read through them and I always come away feeling better.“（10）

　　10.I still have those gifts， and when I‘ve had a really bad day， I read through them and I always come away feeling better.

　　本句中come away 意为“离开”，是指作者在读完这些纸条后离开，是口语的用法。

　　feeling better 是现在分词短语作伴随状语。

　　本句的意思是：“我至今还保留着这些礼物，而每当我哪天运气不佳，心情不好的时候，读一遍这些条子，心情就会变得好多了。”

　　The foundation of a healthy family depends on the ability of the parents to communicate messages of love， trust， and self-worth to each child. This is the basis on which self-esteem is built， and as the child grows， self-esteem changes from a collection of other‘s feelings to become personal feelings about the self. Ultimately a person’s self-esteem is reflected in the way he or she interacts with others.

　　语 法　虚拟语气

　　I.语 法

　　虚拟语气 subjunctive mood（参看上册书 P.539 Unit 18 语法）

　　英语的虚拟语气是用谓语动词的变化来表示说话人对事物的看法和态度，一般说的不是客观存在的事实，只是表示愿望、可能性、主观空想、推测、建议、要求或假设等。

　　虚拟语气的基本用法有三个方面；虚拟条件句与名词从句中的用法在上册书已经讲过，下册书中是一些补充用法。

　　一、非真实条件句（虚拟条件句）中，注意主句和从句的谓语动词

　　的搭配，下面举例说明：

　　1.If you had time， you should finish your homework.（虚拟的，说明现在你没有时间）

　　2.If I were you， I would go there.

　　3.If atomic bomb had not been used in World War II， Japenese would not have surrendered.

　　4.If it should rain tomorrow， what could we do？

　　5.If you were to come next time， I might meet you.

　　三种情况的主从句的谓语动词采取的虚拟形式：

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