学位外语
2011年成人英语辅导讲义五

  三、非谓语动词 不定式(to + V)

  动名词

  分词-ing

  分词-ed

  (一)动词不定式(to+动词原形)

  动词不定式的语法功能可以做除谓语动词以外的任何句子成分。

  (1)作主语

  不定式或不定式短语作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数。如:

  To serve the people well is our duty.

  动词不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语动词的后面,用引导词it作形式主语。上述句子也可改为:

  It is our duty to serve the people well.

  类似这样不定式做主语的句型有:

  It is + n.+ to do

  It takes sb.+ some time + to do

  It is +adj.+ for sb.+ to do

  It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do

  例如:

  It is our duty to help them.

  It will take you quite a long time to finish it.

  It is easy for us to answer this question.

  It is kind of you to help me.

  注:

  (1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等:

  (2)of sb.的句型一般表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right等。

  (2)作宾语

  We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.

  注意:

  如果不定式作宾语而又跟有补语,这时,通常要用“it”作形式宾语,而将不定式放到补语后面去。

  例如:

  他们发现提前把一切都准备好是不可能的。

  ×They found to get everything ready in advance impossible.

  宾语 宾补

  ×They found to get everything ready in advance is impossible.

  √They found it impossible to get everything ready in.

  宾补 宾语

  advance.

  再看下面的两个例句:

  I consider it my duty to point out their shortcomings.

  Robert doesn't think it advisable for Mary to be on a diet.

  (3)作定语

  This is the best way to solve the problem.

  注意:

  ①用不定式作定语时,它与它所修饰的词有时是动宾关系,所以如果不定式是不及物动词,其后面应跟上必要的介词。

  例如:

  Mary needs a friend to play with.

  There is nothing to worry about.

  Because air pollution has been greatly reduced,this city is still _____ .

  A.a good place to live

  B.a good place for living in

  C.a good place to be lived in

  D.a good place to live in

  答案:D

  ②不定式作定语,如果与他所修饰的词是动宾关系,则不定式后面不能再带宾语。

  例如:

  ×Here is a letter for you to type it.

  √Here is a letter for you to type.

  ×The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them.

  √The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for.

  同时要注意:在这类结构中,常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。

  (4)作状语

  In order to overcome difficulties,we must work hard.

  注意:

  ①不定式能够修饰作表语或宾语补足语的形容词,在句中作状语,这时不定式不能再带宾语。

  例如:

  √The water is unfit to drink.

  ×The water is unfit to drink it.

  √They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand.

  ×They found Mr.Jones' lecture hard to understand it.

  同时要注意:在这类结构中,常用不定式的主动式代替被动式。

  ②作状语的不定式的逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。

  例如:

  ×To save money,the bus was taken instead of plane.

  √To save money,we took the bus instead of plane.

  让我们看一道2005年11月份的三级试题:

  To succeed in a scientific experiment,______.

  A.one needs being patient person.

  B.patience is to need.

  C.one needs to be patient.

  D.patience is what needed.

  答案:C

  2、不定式的逻辑主语

  如要表明不定式或不定式的动作发出者(即逻辑主语),就要在不定式前用for+名词(或代词的宾格)。如:

  Is the road wide enough for two cars to pass?

  The conference is too important for you to miss.

  3、不定式的时态和语态

  不定式有一般、完成、进行等几种常用的形式,也有主动和被动语态的区别。以study为例:

  主动/被动一般式to study;to be studied

  进行式to be studying

  完成式to have studied;to have been studied

  (1)不定式的时态

  不定式的一般式(to do)所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作是同时发生,或是在其后发生的。如:

  Thousands of young people are learning to ski.

  不定式的进行式(to be doing)所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作是同时进行的,而且是正在进行的。如:

  They seemed to be getting along quite well.

  不定式的完成进行时(to have done)表示限于谓语动词之前发生的动作或状态,to have + V-ed 表示动作,to have been 表示状态。如:

  She seems to have finished her work.

  不定式的完成进行时表示动作在谓语动词之前发生,而且一直进行着。如:

  She was happy to have been staying with her aunt.

  (2)不定式的语态

  每个不定式都有其逻辑主语,如果逻辑主语是动作的发出者,不定式用主动式,如果其逻辑主语是动作的承受者,不定式用被动式。如:

  The doctor recommended him to air the room.

  医生建议他打扫房间。

  The doctor recommended the room to be aired.

  医生建议打扫房间。

  考试重点:使用不带to的不定式的几种情况

  (1)在口语中,以why开头的简单问句中。例如:

  Why do it that way?

  Why not go out for a walk?

  (2)某些使役动词,如make,let,have等后面跟动词不定时作宾语补足语时,用省略to的不定式。如:

  Let him do it.让他做吧。

  I would have you know that I am ill.我想要你知道我病了。

  (3)表示生理感觉的动词后接不定时作宾语补足语时,不定式不带to这类词有:

  feel 觉得    observe 注意到,看到    hear听到

  watch注视    listen to听    perceive察觉,感知

  notice注意    see看见    look at看

  注意:

  表示 “感觉”的动词,既可以用不带to 的不定式作宾语补足语,又可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,但两者有含义上的差别。现在分词作这些动词的宾语补足语,表示动作的进行,以不带to的不定式作这些动词的宾语补足语,表示动作的完成。

  例如:

  I heard her playing the violin.

  我听到她在拉小提琴。

  I don't see the ball break the window.

  我没有看到球砸坏玻璃。

  注意:

  上述使役动词与感觉动词转换为被动结构时,其后的不定式需带to,如:

  He was seen to come.

  The boy was made to go to bed early.

  (4)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)结构中。例如:

  Last night I did nothing but watch TV.

  昨天晚上,除了看电视,我什么也没干。

  但是,如果谓语动词不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带to。

  The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.

  医生除了让他戒烟,其它什么都没有说。

  There was nothing for them to do but remain silent.

  除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别的办法。

  记忆口诀:

  前面有do,后面省to,前面无do,后面带to。

  (5)下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法,只能用省to的不定式形式。

  can not help but do(不得不)

  can not but do(不得不)

  cannot choose but do(只能)

  have no choice but do (只能)

  had better do(最好)

  would rather do(宁愿)

  例如:

  When I consider how talented he is as a painter,I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.

  不定式练习

  翻译下列句子:

  走路去那里十分钟就到了。(考查不定式做主语的句型)

  下一步做什么还没定。(考查疑问词+不定式的用法)

  我们不可能赶上第一班车。(考查不定式做主语)

  学英语的学生必须有本好字典。(考查不定式做主语,同时考察不定式的逻辑主语)

  他是我们班唯一说英语的人。(考查不定式作定语)

  他说话太快,我们跟不上。(考查too…to…结构,不定式作状语)

  大厅足够大,能容纳一百人。(考查enough…to…结构,不定式作状语)

  起床后妈妈会提醒我洗脸。(考查不定式作宾补)

  为了不让我们失望,你必须遵守你的诺言。(考查不定式作状语)

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